Experimental investigation of RC columns confined with Ni–Ti shape memory alloy wires versus CFRP sheets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The critical need to enhance existing strengthening methods with more efficient and effective ones has led to the evolvement of smarter and innovative class of materials termed shape memory alloys (SMA). The SMAs possess unique characteristic properties that lie in their ability to undergo large deformations and return to their undeformed shape through stress removal or heating process. Limited research studies conducted using SMAs have shown high potential for their use in building industry. Results presented in this research study are from an experimental study that investigated the compressive behaviour of uniaxial concentrically loaded nickel–titanium (Ni–Ti) SMA-spirally confined RC columns and compared with RC columns confined with conventional carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. The compression tests revealed that actively confining the concrete column with Ni–Ti SMA spiral wires increased the performance of the concrete dramatically. Additionally, the active Ni–Ti SMA-confinement system exhibited superior performance compared to the conventional passive CFRP-confinement system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".