Pickering/Non‐Pickering Emulsions of Nanostructured Sulfonated Lignin Derivatives
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Sulfoethylated lignin (SEKL) polymeric surfactant and sulfoethylated lignin nanoparticles (N‐SEKL) with a size of 750±50 nm are produced by using a facile green process involving a solvent‐free reaction and acidification‐based fractionation. SEKL forms a liquid‐like conventional emulsion with low viscosity that has temporary stability (5 h) at pH 7. However, N‐SEKL forms a gel‐like, motionless, and ultra‐stable Pickering emulsion through a network of interactions between N‐SEKL particles, which creates steric hindrance among the oil droplets at pH 3. The deposition of SEKL and N‐SEKL on the oil surface is monitored by a using a quartz crystal microbalance. Experimentally, the formation of emulsions at pH 7 is found to be reversible owing to the low adsorption energy Δ E of SEKL on the oil droplet (Δ E ≈15 k B T ), which is determined with the help of three‐phase contact‐angle measurements. However, the high desorption energy (Δ E ≈6.0×10 5 k B T ) of N‐SEKL makes it irreversibly adsorb on the oil droplets. SEKL is too hydrophilic to attach to the oil interface (Δ E ≈0) and thus does not facilitate emulsion formation at pH 11. Therefore, it is feasible to apply SEKL for the formulation of Pickering or non‐Pickering emulsions in the form of nanoparticles or polymeric surfactants, depending on the targeted application.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it