Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Transportation is a key aspect of mobility and quality of life for older adults, and this remains true for people living with dementia who are often isolated and cut off from family, friends and social services when driving a car becomes unfeasible or unsafe. Most research on driving and other transportation options for people living with dementia is undertaken in urban settings, and services and solutions that work in urban areas may not translate into rural settings where people with dementia have particular challenges in remaining connected without a vehicle. In this chapter, we bring together perspectives from Canada and the UK on the topic of transportation for people with dementia. We review the transportation needs of older adults, the road risks that arise when people with dementia drive cars, and the risks to the quality of lives of those with dementia when they stop driving. We review the information that is available on this topic for those living in rural settings. Although there have been no universal solutions proposed to the particular challenges of transportation needs for those living in rural areas with dementia, we discuss an innovative national approach that is under way in Scotland, one of the few places to have addressed transport needs of people with dementia and other disabilities living in remote areas. This is truly a nascent area in which there are significant limitations to the literature. We hope to summarise what is known and provide some thoughts on helpful future directions. Transportation needs in older adulthood It is interesting to compare the Canadian and Scottish contexts since, albeit different in size, both countries have large rural populations. As we discover in this section, both countries show similar trends of increasing dependence on the car, ageing populations, and growing numbers of people living with dementia. Canadian data Driving is by far the primary mode of transportation for older adults in Canada. According to a recent survey, more than two thirds of adults age 65– 74 years, and just less than a third aged 85 rely on driving their own vehicle as their primary means of transportation (The Conference Board of Canada, 2016).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".