Combined CO<sub>2</sub>-Electroreduction Towards Formate Production and HMF Oxidation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent advancement on carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) has shown promising results on CO2 conversion to value-added carbon products as renewable fuels or valuable chemical feedstocks. Formic acid is one of the products that requires low applied voltage in CO2RR. However, it remains with a low full cell energy efficiency, mainly due to the large full cell applied potential. Traditionally, the anodic reaction is carried out with oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which requires a higher applied potential on the counter electrode. This work reports a viable alternative anodic reaction on electro-oxidative upgrading of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into valorized chemicals such as furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) using Ni-based catalyst. Experimental results have demonstrated that in the combined electrolyzer, the Faradaic efficiency of formate can increase from 41% to 76%, while keeping the applied potential as low as 2 V for achieving a current density of 10 mA/cm2. In addition, at the anode, the Faradaic efficiency reached 60% towards FDCA using the same combined setup. It is postulated that due to the lower overpotential at anode, the cathodic potential becomes more negative for the same current density, and hence a higher Faradaic efficiency towards formate can be attained. Moreover, compared to conventional systems with OER, the combined system is able to produce a value-added product such as FDCA with a considerable FE, approaching a more economic application.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".