Paid surrogacy abroad does not violate public policy: UK Supreme Court
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In April 2020, the United Kingdom Supreme Court upheld compensation for a woman whose negligent medical care had left her dependent on surrogate motherhood (SM) to have a family, even though SM might be by lawful commercial services in California, USA. Paid SM is criminal in the UK. Altruistic SM arrangements are legal, but unenforceable. The trial judge felt bound by precedent to disallow compensation for lawful commercial SM abroad, as contrary to public policy. The Court of Appeal reversed this ruling, since public policy is not immutable, and had changed. The Supreme Court agreed, acknowledging an evolution in popular attitudes concerning what a family is, and how it might be formed. Government policy was observed to accommodate SM in suitable cases. Movement was perceived towards legislative reform, and judicial recognition of paid SM arrangements abroad that are not exploitative or abusive of surrogates, commissioning parents, or resulting children was considered appropriate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.046 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".