Early-Age Behavior of Internally Cured Concrete Bridge Deck under Environmental Loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The early-age cracking of bridge decks is a typical issue in the US that reduces service life. Internally cured (IC) concrete has been used in some states to reduce or eliminate the development of cracks in reinforced concrete decks. However, limited research has been conducted to evaluate the field performance of internally cured concrete bridge decks. This paper presents the field behavior of an IC concrete deck and an adjacent conventional concrete (CC) deck during their early age. Strain gauges and thermocouples were installed at several locations along the bridge length to measure the concrete and reinforcement strains and the temperature in both bridges. The results indicated that the majority of shrinkage occurred during the first week after the concrete placement. However, the deck with the IC concrete experienced less longitudinal and transverse strains when compared with the conventional concrete deck. The largest reduction in longitudinal and transverse strains of the IC concrete deck were 64% when compared to the CC concrete deck. The lower strains led to a reduction of early age cracks. Furthermore, it was noted that the rise of hydration temperature in the CC deck was higher than that of the IC concrete deck. However, the IC concrete deck remained warmer over time. Also, the contribution of reinforcement at the early age was investigated. It was observed that the reinforcement reduced the tensile strain in the concrete deck generated due to shrinkage. The largest reduction in longitudinal strain at the top and bottom of the IC concrete deck was 65% compared to the free shrinkage strain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".