Study of the effect of operative conditions on the decolourization of azo dye solutions by using hydrodynamic cavitation at the lab scale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In the present study, the potentiality of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) for the degradation of methyl orange from synthetic aqueous solutions is presented. Hydrodynamic cavitation was set up at laboratory scale using a Venturi tube. Solutions of methyl orange (MO) were subjected to cavitation in order to investigate the efficiency and the potential of this technique for azo dye degradation. Moreover, a HC/H2O2/TiO2 hybrid system was tested with the aim to verify its potential positive impact on the decolourization process and define the best conditions, among those investigated, to remove azo dye from synthetic solutions. The results obtained in this study showed that the maximum efficiency was close to 30% using a Venturi tube at an operating pressure of 400 kPa. The presence of additives, such as titanium dioxide and hydrogen peroxide, increased the performance of the degradation process to slightly above 70%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".