Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter explores the way in which early comics established a legacy emphasizing urban street life. It begins by detailing the connection of comics with urban environments, themes and circulation patterns in eighteenth-, nineteenth- and twentieth-century London, England, Geneva, Switzerland, and New York, USA. For this discussion, <italic>A Harlot’s Progress</italic> by William Hogarth, the caricature and urban themes of Rodolphe Töpffer, and Richard F. Outcault’s <italic>The Yellow Kid</italic> and <italic>Hogan’s Alley</italic> serve as paradigmatic examples. Attention then turns to Winsor McCay’s vibrant Sunday-page color <italic>Little Nemo</italic> comics, which harnessed suburban dreams at the dawn of the twentieth century. Finally, an example from the twenty-first century demonstrates how these earlier themes are important for understanding the continuing legacy of urban comics. Contemporary Canadian artist Sophie Yanow’s <italic>War of Streets and Houses</italic> recalls the graphic and stylistic innovation and spatio-historical context of Töpffer’s comics production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".