Real-Time Measurements of pH Changes in Single, Acoustically Levitated Droplets Due to Atmospheric Multiphase Chemistry
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We demonstrate the application of direct absorption spectroscopy to measure multiphase chemical reactions taking place in single, acoustically levitated droplets. Acidification reactions are monitored using a colored pH indicator dissolved in the droplets. The pH decrease during the uptake of dilute gas-phase carbon dioxide into an aqueous droplet is followed in real time. We show that uptake coefficients may be extracted from such measurements. The acidification is significantly suppressed when the droplet has a near-monolayer coating of 1-octanol. Such inhibition of interfacial transport by near monolayers of slightly soluble amphiphiles, which do not reside entirely at the water surface, has been previously reported for I2 and NO2 but not yet for CO2.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it