Interface mapping of hydrochemical groundwater regimes in the Paleozoic bedrock of southwestern Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Groundwater in southern Ontario exhibits a crude hydrochemical zonation, by increasing depth, of shallow fresh water, brackish to saline sulphur water at intermediate depths, and deep brine, within a system of thin aquifers separated by thick aquitards. Aquifers are recharged by meteoric water at their outcrop and subcrop edges. The present study has mapped geographic variations in the interpreted depth of the interface/transition zone between the intermediate sulphur water regime and deep brine. Available data indicates a regional depth transition from brackish-to-saline sulphur water to deep brine at approximately 200 to 300 m below the top of bedrock and locally to 350 m, with local variation largely related to down-dip distance from subcrop/outcrop edges. The intermediate regime is interpreted to be formed by penetration of both modern meteoric water and glacial meltwater into subcropping/outcropping porous and permeable bedrock strata, with downdip flow over a distance of 25 to 65 km, and partial to complete displacement and dilution of original pore fluids. Stratigraphically, the water of the shallow and intermediate regimes is generally confined above the Salina Group. The interface boundary with deep brine approximates the base of interaction of groundwater with surface water and can be used as a depth constraint for downward penetration of meteoric water in numeric modelling. Accurate knowledge of interface boundary depths is also needed in design of petroleum well drilling, casing and cement programs to mitigate drilling hazards posed by corrosive sulphur water and potential release of H2S gas at surface. The maps can be used as a constraint on the drilling depth of new water wells, as at deeper depths progressively more saline waters will likely be encountered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".