Fifty years of breeding in field crops, at the National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea, Romania.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The National Agricultural Research and Development Institute (NARDI) Fundulea celebrates, in 2007, fifty years of research on field crops at Fundulea. The paper is a short presentation of the main results obtained in field crops breeding during this period. It summarizes the contribution of the institute to the genetic improvement of important crops, such as wheat, maize, sunflower, forrage crops etc. The Fundulea Institute had pioneering activity in breeding hybrid sunflower, releasing the first commercially grown hybrids in 1971. Many hybrids bred at Fundulea were registered and have been cultivated in countries like Italy, France, Spain, China etc. Semidwarf winter wheat varieties bred at Fu ndulea have been grown on half to two-thirds of Romania’s wheat acreage for the last 30 years, and some of them are registered in Hungary, Canada, Turkey etc. Genetic progress in breeding triticale made this new crop a reality in Romanian agriculture. In maize Fundulea Institute contributed to the rapid replacement of local populations and openpollinated varieties by introduced double hybrids, and then to replacing those with better adapted single hybrids, obtained with adapted inbred lines. During 50 years of maize breeding, 82 hybrids with large diversity of traits were released. Semidwarf winter durum cultivars with suitable winterhardiness for Romania were released. Nineteen cultivars of six-row and two-row winter barley and eight early maturing rice vari eties were released. As result of over 40 year of breeding at Fundulea, 36 varieties of soybeans, beans and peas with improved adaptation were registered. In fodder crops, breeding work resulted in the release of 60 varieties, including 20 alfalfa cultivars, 2 sainfoin, 2 field peas, 1 vetch and 35 grasses varieties (8 orchard grass, 6 Italian ryegrass, 4 hybrid ryegrass, 2 perennial ryegrass, 3 tall fescue, 1 smooth brome, 5 Sudan grass and 6 millet). In total 316 cultivars have been released by the institute, representing an important contribution to higher and more stable yields in field crops.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".