Understanding Immigrants' Initiatives in the New Economy: The Case of Western Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT/RESUME In the trans-Pacific region, new immigrants as professionals and entrepreneurs can be understood as pursuing innovative initiatives. They are aided by a specific employment and immigration market that emerged with the growth of international high-tech production and service locations. They are also linked in trans-Pacific social spaces where Canadian immigration policy contributes to the provision of flexible citizenship. This flexibility is used to case the exchange of high-tech goods, innovations, and services and to foster the trans-Pacific accumulation of economic, social, and cultural capital. New transnational Chinese and Indian immigrants are active in business and trade associations that link high technology sectors in Asian cities with those in western Canada, such as those in Vancouver and Calgary. This research note reviews not only high-tech associations and selected cases of ethnic/immigrant entrepreneurship in Vancouver's and Calgary's high-tech sectors but also provides the basis for a western Canadian research agenda in examining immigrants' initiatives in the new economy. Dans la region transpacifique, les nouveaux immigrants qui travaillent en tant qu'entrepreneurs ou professionnels sont vus comme eetant des novateurs. Ils recoivent de l'appui d'un marche du travail et de l'immigration particulier qui est ne de la croissance des lieux de production et des points de service dans le secteur de la haute technologie. Ils sont aussi relies par des espaces sociaux ou les politiques d'immigration canadiennes contribuent au maintien d'une citoyennete flexible. Cette flexibilite facilite l'echange de produits de haute technologie, d'innovation et de services. Elle encourage la croissance du capital economique, culturel et social dans la region transpacifique. De nouveaux immigrants transnationaux chinois et indiens sont actifs au sein d'associations professionnelles et commerciales qui lient les secteurs de haute technologie d'Asie avec ceux de l'Ouest canadien, a Calgary et a Vancouver par exemple. Cet article examine les associations du milieu de la haute technologie ainsi que quelques cas d'entrepreneuriat dans les secteurs de la haute technologie a Vancouver et a Calgary. Il sert aussi point de depart au programme de recherche portant sur l'Ouest canadien quant aux initiatives des immigrants au sein de la nouvelle economie. INTRODUCTION Immigrants are a significant force in Canada's new economy, but the role they play has not been the subject of much academic research. Moreover, many scholars who understand the emergence of the new economy as merely the development of high technology performed in specific industrial cluster locations, such as in the Silicon Valley, overlook the local and international initiatives that the new professional and entrepreneurial immigrants play in urban areas in such clusters. Therefore, we need not only to understand local initiatives that immigrant entrepreneurs and highly skilled professional workers undertake to become part of such new industrial clusters but also their interactions with transnational technical communities that are embedded in the high-tech agglomerations in more than one country. In such a setting, this migratory phenomenon should not be conceptualized as constituting a permanent brain drain or brain gain but, as Saxenian (2000, 2002) argued, more as a form of brain circulation. More specifically, Saxenian found brain circulation from Asia to North America (Silicon Valley) and back to Asia as immigrants pursued entrepreneurial and work initiatives in high-tech sectors on both sides of the Pacific. What is being created here are transnational social spaces that Faist defines as the ties and the unfolding strong and dense circular flows of persons, goods, ideas, and symbols within a migration system ... (2000, 2). Faist further delineates three basic forms of transnational social spaces--transnational kinship groups, transnational circuits, and transnational communities where the typical cohesive resources are reciprocity, exchange, and solidarity respectively for each form (2000, 2). …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".