Spectral and Energy Efficiency in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems Over Correlated Rician Fading
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, we investigate the downlink (DL) of a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system over spatially correlated Rician fading, in which many distributed access points (APs) equipped with multiple antennas serve single-antenna users. The APs apply minimum mean-square error channel estimation to obtain the uplink channel state information (CSI). Furthermore, in order to obtain DL CSI at users, this article considers the use of maximum-ratio transmission to beamform DL pilots in the DL beamforming training (BT) phase. For such a system, we derive the closed-form expressions of the sum spectral efficiency (SE) and total energy efficiency (EE). Based on the obtained closed-form expressions, we develop two successive approximation algorithms to improve the sum SE and total EE by optimizing the power control coefficients of DL data and pilot. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithms in improving the sum SE and total EE. In addition, the numerical results also show that the sum SE of a cell-free massive MIMO system with exploiting the BT scheme can be significantly improved over the system without employing the BT scheme.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it