Clinical manifestations of nonmotor symptoms in early Parkinson's disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) are common in patients with established Parkinson' s disease (PD), but their frequency in early PD has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to determine the frequency of NMS in a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed PD. Methods A total of 158 patients with early PD and 102 healthy controls participated in this study. NMS were screened for using the Nonmotor Symptom Questionnaire (NMSQuest). Other assessments included measures of motor disability (Movement Disorders Society-revised Unified Parkinson' s Disease Rating Scale, MDS-UPDRS), disease severity (Hoehn-Yahr staging), depression (Geriatric Depression Scale), and global cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment). Results The PD group reported a significantly greater number of NMS compared with controls (8.6(4.1) vs 2.7(2.4), Z=-9.87, P<0.01). In the PD group, the most commonly experienced NMS were excessive saliva, forgetfulness, urinary urgency, hyposmia, and constipation. Patients with higher MDS-UPDRS Ⅲ scores experienced a greater number of NMS (Spearman ρ=0.352, P<0.01), and compared with tremor-dominant PD, those with the postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD)-dominant type had a greater number of NMS (9.5±4.0 vs 6.7±3.8, 95% CI 5.8-7.8, P=0.002). The MMSE scores in PIGD-dominant type PD(27.12±1.42)were significantly lower than in tremor-dominant PD (28.95±1.38, t=-5.03, P<0.01), and the MoCA scores in PIGD-dominant type PD (23.85±2.31)were significantly lower than in tremor-dominant PD(25.11±2.40, t=-4.65, P<0.01). Conclusions NMS are common in early PD and reflect the multisystem nature of the disorder. Even in the earliest stages of PD, NMS may be detrimental to functional status and quality of life in patients. Key words: Parkinson disease; Sialorrhea; Amnesia; Memory disorders; Questionnaires
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".