Assessment of nearshore groundwater discharge to Lake Simcoe, Ontario and identification of regional hydrogeological controls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Groundwater discharge may be an important pathway for delivering pollutants to large lakes, but this pathway is not well understood. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatial variability and volume of direct nearshore groundwater discharge to Lake Simcoe, Ontario, and evaluate linkages between the observed spatial distribution of groundwater discharge and regional hydrogeological features. Direct nearshore groundwater discharge was quantified using the naturally occurring radon isotope tracer, 222Rn. Boat surveys were conducted along 80% of the Lake Simcoe shoreline using portable radon detection equipment. Shoreline areas with high direct groundwater discharge were identified and the total direct nearshore groundwater discharge to Lake Simcoe was estimated to be 11.3 ± 2% of the total tributary inputs. Shoreline areas with high groundwater discharge were related to the presence of permeable nearshore surficial sediments and tunnel channel deposits. These features are thought to provide connectivity between the regional aquifer system and the lake. The study findings can be broadly applied in other studies evaluating direct groundwater inputs into large lakes of glacial origin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".