Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter discusses the politics of renewable energy in Germany and Canada. It provides an overview of their energy systems, their climate change and renewable energy policies, and their efforts to transform their energy systems. An evaluation of current developments is provided. The chapter then zooms into the sub-national jurisdictions of Brandenburg and Ontario which are forerunners in energy system transformation. Brandenburg is a typical instance of Germany’s approach to energy system change in that it has long supported its fossil fuel industry in parallel with renewable energy development. Ontario has phased out coal, uses an important share of nuclear power and has followed Germany’s example of a feed-in tariff for renewables that was decided on in 2009. The chapter discusses the main policies and developments behind Brandenburg and Ontario’s forerunner status in wind energy development. This includes a discussion of their policy programs, the discourses behind their adoption and the way they are implemented in the space of participation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".