Methane Measurements Using Portable Fourier Transform Spectrometers in the Greater Toronto Area
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Greater Toronto Area (GTA, pop. 6.4 million) is the populous city in Canada, thus accurately quantifying GHG emissions from the GTA is an important step towards meeting Canada’s commitments to reduce its Greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigation of methane (CH4) emissions is of particular importance when setting the country’s policy measures to meet the GHG reduction goal since it can be economically advantageous. In this study, a methane emission inventory with a high spatial resolution was prepared using individual facility reports gathered for each municipality in the GTA. Measurements using portable Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS), are then used to monitor CH4 levels in the GTA continuously. Four FTS instruments were installed in different locations in the city in line with the most frequent wind directions based on historical observations. High peak events were investigated and with measurements of tracer concentrations and wind data, the emissions from the city were estimated. At the end, we investigated how the results could be used to improve the existing emission inventory.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".