Water Compatible Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization of PPDT2FBT: A Pathway Towards Large‐Scale Production of Organic Solar Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The interest in organic solar cells (OSCs) has grown exponentially over the last few years and devices are approaching a symbolic power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20%. However, many challenges related to scaling‐up several processes must be addressed before this technology can reach the production scale. In order to facilitate the scaled‐up production of OSCs, the synthesis of an efficient and cost‐effective conjugated polymer, PPDT2FBT, was adapted to a water‐based method of direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP). This aqueous DHAP method yields molecular weights (Mn) between 20 and 80 kg mol−1, which can be controlled by manipulating the polymerization time and temperature. The varying polymer molecular weights were used for the fabrication of OSCs with PC61BM and air‐processed in non‐halogenated solvents. When the 40 kg mol−1 PPDT2FBT:PC61BM active layer is slot‐die coated, PCEs of 8.15% were attained under standard one sun illumination. The temporal stability of the devices under constant illumination showed a 80% PCE loss after 220 hours (TS80), after the initial ‘‘burn‐in’’.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".