A global perspective on denudation data, primarily specific sediment yield in mountainous regions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A brief review of the evolution of denudation research since the 1960s is followed by a review of specific sediment yield variability in mountainous regions of the world as a function of spatial scale, relief, glaciation, lithology and disturbance type and location within the basin. A general model of scalar relations of suspended sediment yield for Canadian regions warns against comparing data from basins with areas ranging over several orders of magnitude. A regional summary of specific sediment yield in mountainous British Columbia confirms that in basins <1 km2 and >30,000 km2 specific sediment yield decreases with basin size whereas in basins of intermediate size (between 1 km² and 30,000 km²) specific sediment yield increases with basin size. This effect is interpreted in terms of three distinct process zones in every mountain basin. These zones can be characterized as a) generally degrading hillslope zones, b) generally aggrading footslopes and valley sides, and c) channelized flows on valley floors demonstrating either net aggradation or degradation. These are identifiable repeating elements in such landscapes. Suspended sediment yield data from mountainous regions around the world are considered in light of the British Columbia model. Some support for the model is found where basins are stratified according to scale, relief, lithology, disturbance types, and location within each basin. Disturbance types include the presence of glaciers, land use activities of various kinds, such as increasing population pressure in the intertropical montane zone, changing population distribution and associated economic activities in the temperate montane zone, and potentially hydroclimate change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.025 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".