The Treaty of Waitangi Exception in New Zealand’s Free Trade Agreements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Amokura Kawharu’s Chapter 11 discusses the “Treaty of Waitangi” exception that is now included in each of New Zealand’s FTAs. The exception is intended to enable the New Zealand government to enact measures in order to give effect to its obligations to Māori under the Treaty of Waitangi, even if the measures are inconsistent with obligations assumed by New Zealand under the FTAs. It has also served as a precedent for other states looking to include a General Exception to protect Indigenous rights. Professor Kawharu examines the circumstances surrounding the adoption and continued use of the exception in New Zealand’s FTA practice as well as the adequacy of the exception in the context of the increasing depth and scale of New Zealand’s participation in FTAs (and, in particular, New Zealand’s expanding commitments with respect to the protection of foreign investment) and proposes options for Māori to consider as means for addressing the issues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".