Verification and Validation of a High-Fidelity Open-Source Simulation Tool for Supersonic Aircraft Aerodynamic Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A verification and validation analysis of rhoCentralFoam, a widely-used open-source compressible-flow solver available in the OpenFoam toolkit, is performed for a range of flow problems relevant to the supersonic aerodynamics of small-scale, autonomous, aircraft concepts. Vehicle concepts used as research platforms to test new aerospace technologies, such as advanced propulsion systems or large sensor payloads, require major modifications to conventional, large-scale, crewed, supersonic airframe design. High-fidelity numerical simulation of these concepts in an academic setting often requires the use of in-house or available open-source tools instead of expensive commercial software or those with export-control restrictions. The one-dimensional shock tube problem, two-dimensional supersonic turbulent boundary layer, two-dimensional laminar oblique-shock, and three-dimensional delta wing are simulated with rhoCentralFoam. The effects of flux limiters, the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition, and mesh-type on solution accuracy, stability, and solver speed are assessed. The limitations of the solver and its ability to serve as a supersonic aircraft design tool in a holistic sense are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".