Do Canadian Youth Use Alcohol and Cannabis as Compliments or as Substitutes?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It remains unclear as to whether cannabis and alcohol are used as substitutes or complements by Canadian adolescents. Since co-use of these two drugs can have a high economic and personal cost, and because of the recent legalization of recreational cannabis, it is essential to determine whether adolescents are using these drugs as compliments or substitutes. Using data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information’s National Ambulatory Care Reporting System, a quasi-experimental design was created to track hospital admissions marked with either alcohol or cannabis-related codes around the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA). There was a strong increase in alcohol admissions and a weak decrease in cannabis admissions after the MLDA. This is indicative of a weak substitution effect between cannabis and alcohol. The findings of this study mimic those of similar quasi-experimental studies done in the United States, but there is now a need to apply the same quasi-experimental design in the more liberal Canadian cannabis environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".