Beneficial reuse of municipal biosolids as low-permeability, low cost oxygen barrier in capillary barrier covers for reactive mine tailings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Financial costs and material quantities required for mine reclamation can be astronomical. Municipal biosolids present a potential low-cost alternative to traditional materials used in construction of multilayer covers for reclamation of mine wastes and disturbed lands. A blended biosolids referred to as Custom Reclamation Mix or CRM (1:1 volumetric mix of anaerobically digested biosolids and leaf and yard waste) was evaluated as a candidate barrier layer in a Capillary Barrier Cover (CBC) through material characterization, laboratory column testing of biosolids CBCs, and numerical unsaturated flow modelling. The CRM exhibited strong potential for use as in oxygen barrier covers, demonstrating low saturated hydraulic conductivities (k = 4.21 x 10 -⁷ cm/s at e = 4.01) and an air-entry value of approximately 400 kPa. Throughout laboratory column testing biosolids layers within the CBCs remained highly saturated, acting as a barrier to oxygen diffusion and water flux. Numerical modelling showed reduction in oxygen diffusion by up to three orders of magnitude when using biosolids CBCs relative to uncovered tailings. Biosolids present a promising low-cost alternative to traditional low-permeability materials in multilayer covers for mitigation of acid rock drainage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".