Baskets, Stalls, and Shops: Experiences and Strategies of Women in Retail Sales in Nineteenth Century Luanda
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Luanda, the capital of Portuguese Angola, had a majority female population in the mid-nineteenth century. By 1850, the port town had experienced a “demographic explosion” reaching 12,565 individuals, 57% of whom were women. The foodstuffs that fed the population came from the interior and circulated via the baskets, stalls and shops of street vendors and shopkeepers. As in other Atlantic ports, women represented the majority of retail sellers in the Angolan capital, where they peddled on streets and in markets and owned shops. Drawing upon the documentation of the Municipal Council, this study examines experiences and strategies of women in retail sales in mid-nineteenth-century Luanda. Despite their importance in supplying the population of this urban landscape, retail sellers became a target of Portuguese policies aiming to sanitize overseas territories and “civilize” their inhabitants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".