Showing the Way to Inclusive Outdoor Education: Impact of Hands-On Training in Adapting a Kayak
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Insufficient training in using adaptations and specialized equipment for outdoor education practices is a barrier to inclusion in public schools. Providing teachers with hands-on training opportunities in adaptations could be beneficial. Two training groups, one of pre-service teachers (n=19) and one of inservice teachers (n=18), were given direct exposure to adapting a kayak to make it accessible to users of different abilities. Participants had the opportunity to discuss the kayak adaptations and to interact with the equipment. Pre-service teachers who did not yet have formal outdoor education instruction (n=18) served as a control group in this pre-test, post-test design. Training increased participants’ self-efficacy and their willingness to adapt kayaks in the future. These positive effects did not, however, transfer directly to other activities, nor did the training impact overall inclusion attitudes. Nonetheless, direct exposure to adaptations is a promising training tool for demonstrating to teachers that implementing inclusive outdoor education practices is doable.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".