The Impact of Public Services on the Pattern of Private Spending in Atlantic Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstracts J.A. BROX: Impact of Public Services on the Pattern of Private Spending in Atlantic Canada. This paper examines the effects which government expenditures have on the pattern of private consumption and savings in Atlantic Canada and how this relationship has changed since the formation of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. In order to undertake the analysis, a new version of the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is developed to allow individual demands to be conditional on the amount of public goods being provided. Shift parameters are introduced to test for changes since the formation of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. The empirical results strongly indicate significant impacts of public services and of changes in the relationships since the formation of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. Resumes J.A. BROX: [The Impact of Public Services on the Pattern of Private Spending in Atlantic Canada.] > Cet article examine les effets des depenses publiques sur la consommation et l'epargne privees. Une question cle a ce propos est la suivante: les biens (services) publics representent-ils des complements ou des substituts nets a la consommation privee? Afin de realiser cette etude empirique, une nouvelle variante du systeme de demande presque ideal (AIDS) est developpee qui permet que les demandes individuelles dependent de la quantite des biens publics fournis et qu'elles soient sensibles aux changements de structure comme la formation de la zone de libre-echange entre le Canada et les Etats-Unis. Ce systeme, appele le systeme conditionnel de demande presque ideal (CAIDS) est l'analogue du modele de cout variable translog utilise souvent dans l'analyse de la production, pour permettre a ce que les depenses des facteurs variables dependent du niveau present du facteur fixe. Plusieurs etudes examinent en profondeur les differences regionales de la structure de consommation en utilisant des methodes similaires. Nos resultats empiriques suggerent que la presence des biens publics a un impact sur la structure des depenses privees. C'est ce que suggere la statistique t des coefficients individuels. Cependant le test du logarithme du rapport de vraisemblance des restrictions requises pour appuyer l'hypothese nulle qu'il n'y a pas d'impact nous mene a rejeter fortement l'hypothese de non impact. On arrive a la meme conclusion en ce qui concerne les changements structurels qui ont suivi la signature de l'Accord de libre-echange entre le Canada et les etats-Unis. En plus, les resultats empirique du systeme conditionnel de demande s'accordent generalement avec d'autres etudes. Nous trouvons que les depenses des biens durables et des services sont elastiques par rapport au revenu, et que l'epargne et les biens semi-durables sont elastiques par rapport au prix. En examinant les elasticites croisees, nous trouvons qu'il y a surtout substituabilite, le seul cas significatif de complementarite etant celui des biens durables et des biens non-durables. En ce qui concerne l'approvisionnement de biens publics, nous trouvons que la croissance de tels biens mene a la croissance des depenses des biens durables et de l'epargne, alors que les depenses de services diminuent. Notre analyse traite les differents types de depenses publiques comme constituant le meme bien ou service public agrege. I1 serait evidemment mieux de diviser les depenses publiques par type et par niveau de gouvemement. C'est ce que nous comptons faire dans nos travaux a venir. Introduction Controversy has arisen regarding the impact of government spending on private economic activity. Many of these studies centre on the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis of tax and deficit-financed expenditures on aggregate private activity (Reid 1989; Kormendi 1983; Motley 1987; Rock et al 1989). …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".