Lithospheric stress, strain and displacement changes from GRACE-FO time-variable gravity: case study for Sar-e-Pol Zahab Earthquake 2018
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY Temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field can be used for monitoring of lithospheric deformations. The network of continuously operating gravity stations is required for this purpose but a global coverage by such network is currently extremely sparse. Temporal variations in long-wavelength part of the Earth's gravity field have been, however, observed by two satellite missions, namely the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) and the GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO). These satellite gravity observations can be used to study long-wavelength deformations of the lithosphere. Consequently, considering the lithosphere as a spherical elastic shell and solving the partial differential equation of elasticity for it, the stress, strain and displacement inside the lithosphere can be estimated. The lower boundary of this shell is assumed to be stressed by mantle convection, which has a direct relation to the Earth's gravity field according to Runcorn's theory. Changes in gravity field lead to changes in the sublithospheric stress and the stress propagated throughout the lithosphere. In this study, we develop mathematical models in spherical coordinates for describing the stress propagation from the sublithosphere through the lithosphere. We then organize a system of observation equations for finding a special solution to the boundary-value problem of elasticity in the way that provides a stable solution. In contrast, models presented in previously published studies are ill-posed. Furthermore, we use constants of the solution determined from the boundary stresses to determine the strain and displacements leading to these stresses, while in previous studies only the stress has been considered according to rheological properties of the lithosphere. We demonstrate a practical applicability of this theoretical model to estimate the stress–strain redistribution caused by the Sar-e-Pol Zahab 2018 earthquake in Iran by using the GRACE-FO monthly solutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".