Sex Differences in the Clinical Profile Among Patients With Gout: Cross-sectional Analyses of an Observational Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective. Research findings in gout result predominantly from studies about men and might not be generalizable to women. To improve insight into sex differences in gout, our study compared clinical characteristics and comorbidities of female and male patients with gout, and explored the influence of menopause on these differences. Methods. Data from patients referred to 2 rheumatology clinics and diagnosed with gout were used. Clinical characteristics and comorbidities of each sex were compared univariately. Sex difference in comorbidities were further explored in multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption in both the total group and in those with gout onset ≥ 55 years (as a surrogate for menopausal state). Results. There were 954 patients, including 793 (83%) men, included. Women were on average older (65 vs 62 yrs), were more often obese (54% vs 36%), had a higher serum uric acid (sUA) level (0.53 vs 0.49 mmol/L), used diuretics more often (60% vs 30%), and consumed alcohol less frequently (47% vs 72%). Additionally, women more frequently had reduced renal function (64% vs 31%), hypertension (78% vs 56%), heart failure (23% vs 12%), and type 2 diabetes (39% vs 17%; all P < 0.05). In those with gout onset ≥ 55 years, differences in comorbidities were less pronounced and disappeared after adjusting for lifestyle. Conclusion. Our study confirmed sex differences in clinical characteristics and comorbidities among newly diagnosed patients with gout, and revealed that sex differences in comorbidities among those with gout onset beyond the age of female menopause were strongly attenuated and fully explained by lifestyle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".