Apuntes para la historia de la diálisis en el mundo y en la Argentina. Primera parte: los inicios de la Hemodiálisis en el mundo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hemodialysis (HD), as a treatment for renal failure (RF), and nephrology, as a specialty, arose almost simultaneously. The first successful HD in humans occurred in the Netherlands, in 1945, with a kidney designed by Wilhem Kolff. The first scientific society was founded in France in 1949 (Société de Pathologie Rénale), and the second in 1950, in the United Kingdom (Renal Association). Several attempts preceded the first successful HD. In the experimental setting, John J. Abel, Leonard G. Rowntree and Benjamin B. Turner (1913, United States), George Haas (1914, Germany) and Henry Necheles (1923, China) dialyzed nephrectomized dogs. The first HD in humans were performed by Haas, between 1924 and 1927: he hemodialyzed six patients, from 15 to 30 minutes, since his objective was to test the safety of the method. Although Kolff performed the first successful HD, other authors, such as Nils Alwall (Sweden) and Gordon Murray (Canada), during the 1940s, published successful experiences with other kidney models. By the mid-1940s, HD had been invented, simultaneously and independently, in the Netherlands, Sweden and Canada, although still with doubts about its application and effectiveness.Initially used only for acute patients, HD became a possible treatment for chronic kidney disease (CKD) thanks to the development of the semi-permanent shunt by Belding Scribner and Wayne Quinton in 1960 and the permanent arteriovenous fistula by Michael J. Brescia and James E. Cimino in 1966. This enabled the life support of millions of people with CKD in the world and the development of kidney transplantation as one more therapeutic alternative.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".