Bibliographic record
Abstract
This edition of the Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship presents a showcase of primarily Canadian papers focusing on gender, training and entrepreneurship. This initiative is motivated, in part, by observations that Canada is a leader in women's entrepreneurship (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2000). And while policies such as maternity leave, pay equity, and universal health care provide fundamental social, medical and legal rights for Canadian women, challenges remain with respect to their economic self-sufficiency and business performance. For example, in this issue Industry Canada documents that women-owned firms are significantly smaller, newer and less profitable than SMEs owned by men. Canadian women are also significantly more likely to perceive themselves as involuntary self-employed or force (Hughes, 2006). There remains the need therefore to understand factors associated with gender differences in enterprise creation and performance. The foundations of this issue follow two Canadian initiatives: the Prime Minister's Task Force on Women Entrepreneur (National Liberal Caucus Research Bureau, 2003) and a 2004 conference titled Sustaining the Momentum: An Economic Forum on Women Entrepreneurs. The two-day conference, chaired by Industry Canada and Carleton University, brought together 120 management researchers, women and family studies experts, economists, federal and provincial policy makers, small business service providers and women entrepreneurs. The purposes of the conference were to share research, examine government support for women business owners, and identify gaps in research and public policy. Delegates were also asked to consider two questions: What are the implications of the research findings for public policy? and What are the priorities for action? The Priorities for Action articulated by delegates are presented in Table 1 (Orser and Connell, 2004). Four important themes emerged from the conference: the significant and increasing contribution of women business owners to the Canadian and global economy; the ongoing absence of data about the participation rates and impact of women business owners in local, provincial and federal programs; the need to undertake and communicate research about women entrepreneurs; and a desire for better co-coordinated services, research and policy to support women entrepreneurs. Many readers know that these observations are not uniquely Canadian. The need for quality research about gender differences in business practices, an absence of related policy co-ordination across governments; unfounded assumptions about women's participation in training programs, and a lack of gender-focused and/or gender-sensitive SME training programs are documented in a number of international reports. (1) And while the economic contributions of women business owners are increasingly recognized, significant change in public support of and policy about women business owners is not anticipated. This is for four reasons. First, women's economic self-sufficiency and business growth are not political or bureaucratic priorities within most OECD countries, including Canada. Most often, the championing women entrepreneurs is left to individual initiative and/or junior government staff. There have been few public statements by politicians about women business owners in the recent Canadian federal election. Without a top down federal or political policy agenda, support programs remain vulnerable to funding cuts, staff turnover and competing program demands. This has been witnessed in Canada with associated program cuts within agencies such as Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Status of Women Canada and Canadian International Development Agency (Prime Minister's Task Force on Women Entrepreneurs; Orser, 2003). Second, there are few visible or well understood mechanisms that support women business owners' input or advisement in federal or provincial programs and/or policies. …
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".