Ultrafine Particles Penetrate Human Airway Epithelium Resulting in Increased Expression of Genes Causally Related to Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Epidemiological studies have associated exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns, especially the finer fraction PM2.5, with increases in morbidity and mortality in persons with preexisting cardiopulmonary disease. However, whether exposures to PM10 cause lung disease in uncompromised individuals is a topic of debate, especially since mechanistic and toxicological studies have failed to define cause and effect relationships between exposures to PM10 and phenotypic changes associated with the development of pulmonary diseases. PM10 is a complex mixture of soot and natural minerals, metal oxide particles, sea salt grains and aeroallergens (Fig. 1). Our interest lies with the carbonaceous components (Fig. 2), since insoluble particles may be more efficiently retained in the peripheral lung and be potentially more bioreactive due to their accumulation over time. We are interested in the ultrafine (UF) fraction (<1.0um diameter) since the number of particles in this size range are known to increase during pollution episodes and they have a greater reactive surface area per unit weight.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".