Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) Measurements of Sulfur Uptake in Pigeon Bone Associated with the Intake of Slag, and the Induction of Homocystinuria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Slag from nickel smelting operations over the last 150 years has been deposited over vast areas of soil around the Sudbury basin in Ontario, Canada. This metal-rich material containing a 2.50 ± 0.50% sulfur concentration by mass, when ingested, has the potential to effect important physiological changes in biological systems. In this work, we measure the uptake of sulfur in the tibio-tarsal bones of pigeons (Columbia Livia Domestica) subjected to a slag-based diet, using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). A sulfur-rich diet is associated with homocystinuria, a condition which impairs the conversion of methionine to cysteine. Among the bony changes associated with the condition are osteopenia, loss of calcium, compromised mechanical integrity, and increased resorption. In previous work, we have detected and quantified all of these changes, and thus propose that the results of the present work support the conclusion that a sulfur-rich, slag-based diet, can induce homocystinuric condition in this avian species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".