Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of Cancer Therapy Effects: Correlation between Light and Electron Microscopy, and a New Non-Invasive Ultrasound Imaging Method for Detecting Apoptosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We have discovered that high-frequency ultrasound imaging, or ultrasound biomicroscopy, can be used to detect apoptosis in a number of experimental systems. We have shown that such detection with 30-40 MHz ultrasound is possible using cells in an in vitro system (AML-3 leukemia cells) made to undergo apoptosis in response to treatment with a variety of cancer killing chemotherapeutic drugs. We have shown that ultrasound biomicroscopy can also detect programmed cell death in tissues made to undergo apoptosis in response to photodynamic therapy, currently an experimental cancer treating regimen. Lastly, we have shown that this ultrasound imaging approach works in vivo, using living animals where apoptosis has been induced similarly using photodynamic therapy. Specifically, apoptotic cells and regions of apoptosis in tissues exhibit up to a 36-fold increase in ultrasound backscatter intensity permitting this type of cell death to be readily discriminated from surrounding viable tissue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".