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Record W3040515706 · doi:10.1177/1754337120921091

Aerodynamic drag reduction in winter sports: The quest for “free speed”

2020· article· en· W3040515706 on OpenAlex
Len Brownlie

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueProceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology · 2020
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicWinter Sports Injuries and Performance
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsDragAerodynamicsIce hockeyWind tunnelCross countryAeronauticsAerodynamic dragAthletesWind speedMeteorologySpeed skatingEnvironmental scienceMarine engineeringComputer scienceEngineeringSimulationAerospace engineeringGeographyPhysical medicine and rehabilitationPhysical therapyMedicine

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The Winter Olympics are a highly competitive sporting environment where subtle improvements in performance can impact the finishing order in many events. Aerodynamic drag is known to be a significant resistive force to human movement in high-speed sports, such as alpine skiing, speed skating and bobsleigh. Aerodynamic drag also represents an important determinant of performance in sports such as ice hockey, snowboard cross and cross-country skiing. From 2000 to 2018, a series of wind tunnel–based research projects were conducted to provide aerodynamically optimized apparel, equipment and wind tunnel simulation training to elite Canadian and American winter sports athletes involved in bobsleigh, skeleton, luge, ice hockey, speed skating, cross-country, alpine and para-alpine skiing, biathlon, ski-cross and snowboard cross. This article reviews the role of aerodynamic drag in winter sports, considers fundamental principles of air flow around bluff bodies and methods of drag reduction in ice and snow sports, while providing experimental results from an extensive database of wind tunnel investigations. Deficits in the literature suggest productive areas for future research to improve athletic performance in these sports.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.394
Threshold uncertainty score0.347

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.007
GPT teacher head0.209
Teacher spread0.203 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it