Microwaves can reverse the tumour phenotype of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16)-positive keratinocytes in 3D cell culture models: a novel therapy for HPV-associated disease?
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of benign, precancerous and cancerous lesions, in both anogenital and oropharyngeal sites. Increased expression of the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 are responsible for tumour progression. The treatment of these precancerous and cancerous lesions is invasive, painful and with long-term side effects. Localised microwaves have been used successfully in the clinic for the treatment of verrucas, which are caused by low-risk HPV genotypes (>75% success rate versus >33% for cryotherapy). Moreover, local hyperthermia is known to have anti-tumour effects. Ten-second microwave treatment of 3D in vitro -grown cervical tumour tissues (HPV16-positive SiHa cell) resulted in cell death in the treated zone while the tissue integrity was disrupted in the adjacent area. Microwaves induced apoptosis (induction of cleaved caspase 3) and autophagy (induction of LC3) and inhibited cell proliferation (loss of Ki67 and MCM2) in the entire tissue. Furthermore, HPV16 E6 and E7 expression was reduced in cells in the treated and transition zones, with subsequent induction of expression of the apoptosis-regulator, p53 over a 24 hour period following microwave treatment. Thermal stress, identified with the Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) and translational stress identified by G3BP expression, was observed in the transition zone. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the microwave treatment induces cell stress pathways and inhibits HPV oncoprotein expression that causes tumour progression. Induction of apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation suggest a reversal of the cervical tumour phenotype in the 3D tissues.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it