Neurological Manifestations of Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity and the Effect of a Gluten Free Diet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion and affects nearly 1% of the population worldwide. CeD has typically been associated with gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain; however, its extra-intestinal manifestations are becoming widely recognized. In particular, CeD patients may present with various neurological manifestations and oftentimes, without evidence of gastrointestinal symptoms. The pathophysiology behind these manifestations is not well known, however, it is hypothesized that they may include vitamin deficiencies from malabsorption, direct gluten toxicity, and immune-mediated inflammation. The most common neurological manifestations include gluten ataxia, migraines, epilepsy, and neuropathies, but may also involve dementia, myopathies, and movement disorders. The first line treatment for CeD is typically a strict gluten-free diet, however its effect on neurological manifestations is less clear. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity/non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCGS/NCWS) represents a condition where the ingestion of gluten causes symptoms similar to CeD, but CeD-specific enteropathy or serology are both absent. Several lines of research do not differentiate CeD and NCGS/NCWS and as a result, NCGS/NCWS is often under-studied. This study seeks to review the evidence regarding the neurological manifestations of CeD, the effect of a gluten-free diet, and highlight studies investigating NCGS/NCWS as a distinct entity from CeD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".