Nanoconfined Water Effect on CO<sub>2</sub> Utilization and Geological Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Understanding nanoconfined water effect on CO 2 utilization and storage has tremendous implications in academic research and practical applications, especially for extremely low‐permeability shale reservoirs. Here, a new nanoscale‐extended cubic‐plus association equation of state is developed by including the confinement effects and intermolecular interactions, based on which the phase behavior and interfacial tension of the pure water and water‐CO 2 system are accurately calculated. Moreover, three important parameters, caprock‐sealing pressure, maximum storage height, and storage capacity, are quantitatively determined for assessing the potential for the CO 2 storage. On the basis of the results from this study, the negative effect of nanoconfiend water can be substantially reduced or even converted to be positive for the CO 2 utilization and storage in the shale reservoirs due to the extremely small pore scale as well as the associated strong confinements and intermolecular interactions. Overall, this study supports the foundation of general practical applications pertaining to CO 2 utilization and geological storage in unconventional low‐permeability shale formations with existence of nanoconfined water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".