Reproducibility Of The Impact Of Menstrual Phase On Arterial Stiffness Over Two Consecutive Menstrual Cycles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic increases in arterial stiffness are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Estrogen (E2), the primary female sex hormone, has been found to have cardioprotective effects, with several but not all, studies reporting a reduction in arterial stiffness in the late follicular (high E2; LF) phase compared to the early follicular (low E2; EF) phase of the menstrual cycle. Individual heterogeneity in the impact of phase on arterial stiffness and the consistency of these responses across consecutive cycles has yet to be explored. PURPOSE: to determine the impact of menstrual phase E2 fluctuations on arterial stiffness over two consecutive cycles. METHODS: 13 premenopausal women completed 4 experimental visits over 2 menstrual cycles (EFvisit 1, LFvisit 2, EFvisit 3, LFvisit 4). Central (CF) and peripheral (FF) PWV were measured twice during each visit using arterial tonometry. Participants were classified as positive, negative or non-responders, wherein positive responders experienced a reduction in PWV from EF to LF and negative responders experienced an increase in PWV from EF to LF that was greater than 2*typical error. RESULTS: At the group level, CF PWV did not differ between phases (p=0.11) or cycles (p=0.18; EFvisit 1=5.8±0.8, LFvisit 2=5.6±0.5, EFvisit 3=5.9±0.6, LFvisit 4=5.8±0.7). Likewise, FF PWV did not differ between phases (p=0.979) or cycles (p=0.58; EFvisit 1=8.1±1.0, LFvisit 2=8.1±1.1, EFvisit 3=7.9±1.4, LFvisit 4=8.0±1.3). Phase changes in E2 were not associated with phase changes in PWV in cycle 1 (CF: r=0.38, p=0.20; FF: r=0.11, p=0.73) or cycle 2 (FF: r=0.38, p=0.36). Classification of individuals as responders or non-responders revealed that no participants were consistently positive or negative responders for both cycles. CONCLUSION: At the group level, arterial stiffness was not impacted by menstrual phase over two cycles. Individual changes in arterial stiffness were inconsistent, with phase changes in cycle 1 not reflecting phase changes in cycle 2. Variability in phase changes in arterial stiffness does not appear to be driven by inter-individual differences in E2 fluctuation across phase. Future research is needed to investigate the mechanisms resulting in inter-individual variability in arterial stiffness and inconsistency between cycles. Funded by NSERC
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".