Physical Fitness And Neighborhood Design - Walkability, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Muscular Strength, And Flexibility In Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Regular physical activity can improve physical fitness levels and promote health. Consistent evidence suggests an association between the neighborhood built environment and physical activity exists, yet few studies have investigated the contribution of the neighborhood built environment to fitness levels in adults. PURPOSE: To investigate the associations between objectively-determined and self-reported neighborhood walkability and perceived cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and flexibility. METHOD: We recruited a random sample of 592 adults (≥18 years of age) from Calgary (Canada). Participants provided complete data to an online questionnaire capturing perceived cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular strength (MS), and flexibility, frequency of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), frequency of strength training, and sociodemographic characteristics. The questionnaire also captured participant’s perceptions of their neighborhood’s walkability (Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale; PANES) and the physical activity supportiveness of neighborhood parks (Park Perceptions Index; PPI). Objectively-measured walkability was estimated using Walk Score® assigned to each participant’s residential postal code. Covariate-adjusted linear regression estimated the associations between the built environment and perceived fitness variables. RESULTS: The average age of participants was 46.6 (14.8) years and 67.2% were female. Participants, on average, participated in at least 30-minutes of MVPA on 3.4 (2.1) days/week and reported strength training 2.0 (1.8) days/week. Walk Score® was not associated with any fitness variables. The PANES index was positively associated (p<.05) with CRF, MS, flexibility and overall fitness and the PPI was positively associated (p<.05) with all fitness variables except MS. CONCLUSION: Our novel findings suggest the neighborhood built environment has the potential to support and promote higher fitness levels in adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".