A 65–81 GHz CMOS Dual-Mode VCO Using High Quality Factor Transformer-Based Inductors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a wide-tuning range dual-mode millimeter wave (mm-wave) voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) incorporating high quality-factor (Q) transformer-based variable inductors. A high Q switched inductor with two different values is proposed by constructing the load of a transformer of a high Q fixed capacitor in series with a lossless switch structure that does not add any loss to the LC-tank as implemented by changing the signals mode across the capacitor. By choosing a proper center frequency for each mode and sufficient frequency overlap, a wide frequency tuning range (FTR) mm-wave VCO can be designed. It provides almost twice higher tuning range while keeping phase noise (PN) nearly the same as the two-mode VCO designed with two standalone inductors. Fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process, the VCO demonstrates the measured FTR of 22.8% from 64.88 to 81.6 GHz range. The measured peak PN at 10 MHz offset is -114.63 dBc/Hz and the maximum and minimum corresponding figures of merit FOM and FOMT are -173.9 to -181.84 dB and -181.07 to -189 dB, respectively. The VCO cores consume 10.2 mA current from 1 V power supply, and the occupied area is 0.146 ×0.205 mm2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".