Effect of density on skin friction response of piles embedded in sand by simple shear interface tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study focuses on a particular phenomenon related to the reduction in sand–pile skin friction with initial relative density increment from medium to dense. Frictional behaviour of a sand–pile interface is simulated using a simple shear-type device capable of inducing a constant normal stiffness condition. Sand–pile interface sliding and soil deformation components are distinguished quantitatively. The effects of initial relative density of sand, initial normal load, and constant normal stiffness on the magnitude of the pile skin friction and shear displacement at failure are examined. Results indicate that the magnitude of the mobilized shear stress at failure relies significantly on the shear stress state with respect to the inflexion point on the volume change graph, which is equivalent to the position of the peak stress ratio. Good correlations exist between results of this study and field data of several heavily instrumented piles embedded in dense to very dense sands. The presented procedure is a useful framework for establishing more accurate skin friction calculation methodologies and “t-z” curve developments of axially loaded piles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".