Automated Extraction of Visible Floodwater in Dense Urban Areas from RGB Aerial Photos
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rapid response mapping of floodwater extents in urbanized areas, while essential for early damage assessment and rescue operations, also presents significant image interpretation challenges. Images from visible band (red–green–blue (RGB)) remote sensors are the most common and cost-effective for real-time applications. Based on an understanding of the differing characteristics of turbid floodwater and urban land surface classes, a robust method was developed and automatized to extract visible floodwater using RGB band digital numbers. The methodology was applied to delineate visible floodwater distribution from very high-resolution aerial image data acquired during the 2013 Calgary flood event. The methodology development involved segment- and pixel-based feature analysis, rule development, automated feature extraction, and result validation processing. The accuracies for the visible floodwater class were above 0.8394% and the overall accuracies were above 0.9668% at both pixel and segment levels for three test sites with diverse urban landscapes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".