An APXPS Probe of Cu/Pd Bimetallic Catalyst Surface Chemistry of CO<sub>2</sub> Toward CO in the Presence of H<sub>2</sub>O and H<sub>2</sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The electroreduction of CO 2 represents a promising avenue to convert greenhouse gas into valuable fuels and store energy from intermittent renewable sources. Cu-based bimetallic surfaces constitute high-interest electrocatalysts for this reaction because of the relatively low overpotentials and the tunable selectivity they offer. This work proposes an investigation on the first activation and conversion step of CO 2 at the gas–solid interface of a model bimetallic surface with the goal of bringing understanding on the potential effects of the metal combination on the microscopic phenomenon occurring during the catalytic reaction. A partial monolayer of Cu on a substrate of Pd is studied along with a pure Pd surface and a partially oxidized Cu surface by ambient-pressure X-ray spectroscopy (AP-XPS), as they were exposed to CO 2(g), H 2 O (g), and H 2(g) . The evolution of the adsorbed carbon species populations under the various gaseous conditions revealed a dramatic difference of catalytic activity toward the reduction of CO 2 among the surfaces. The Cu surface favored the adsorption of CO 2, while the Pd surface catalyzed its reduction. The observation of both these functions at the bimetallic surface confirmed that bimetallicity can serve as an effective tool for the combination of different catalytic functions at the microscopic level on a single bifunctional surface. Molecular transitions for the reduction of CO 2 to CO on the bimetallic surface were proposed to highlight the diversity of electronic and bifunctional effects that can arise from the bimetallic character of a surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".