Electrical characterization of positive and negative pulsed nanosecond discharges in water coupled with time-resolved light detection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrical discharge in liquids is a research field that has great potential in environmental and technological applications. Depending on the experimental conditions (liquid nature, interelectrodes distance, applied voltage, pulse width, etc.), various discharge modes can be obtained. The involved physical processes have relatively fast spatiotemporal dynamics and, therefore, are not well understood. In this study, we report the electrical characterization, coupled with time-resolved light detection (using a photomultiplier, PM, tube), of positive and negative pulsed nanosecond spark discharges in de-ionized water using copper electrodes (distanced by ∼50 μm) in a pin-to-plate configuration. A detailed analysis of the current–voltage waveforms during the pre-breakdown and the breakdown phases is shown, and we found that the pre-breakdown phase depends on the high voltage magnitude only for positive polarity. On the other hand, the PM signals showed dependence on the voltage magnitude and on the pulse width, and various emission phases are observed. These phases can be related to the discharge power and/or to the discharge current. Filtered PM signals at various wavelengths are also acquired, and their temporal dynamics are discussed regarding the discharge conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".