Evaluating phosphorous from vehicular emissions as a potential source of contamination to ground and surface water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is well documented that urban runoff and roadside soils can become contaminated with particulate deposits, especially heavy metals, sourced from vehicles. However, phosphorous from vehicular sources has been given little consideration as a possible roadside contaminant. This paper examines the potential contamination of surface water (via runoff to storm drains and discharge to waterbodies) and groundwater (via roadside soil infiltration) by the phosphorous deposited onto pavement and road shoulders in the city of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Total and soluble reactive phosphorous concentrations in roadside soil and runoff samples were determined for two study sites. Subsequently, the results were statistically analyzed. Following comparison to other sources of urban runoff, it was concluded that roadways are a significant source of phosphorous in urban runoff, with high potential to impact surface water. Conversely, results of this work indicate that vehicular-sourced phosphorous does not pose a significant threat to groundwater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".