X-ray absorption fine structure measurements on Ru–Zn/ZSM-5 during heterogeneous catalysis using an <i>in situ</i> spectroscopic cell
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We introduce a design of a portable, multi-functional spectroscopic cell for in situ structural probe of materials using hard x-rays. This versatile reaction cell allows x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and x-ray diffraction measurements in transmission mode on solids at a controlled temperature, pressure, and gas environment. A model heterogeneous catalysis system, co-aromatization of octane with methane catalyzed by Ru–Zn/ZSM-5, was employed to demonstrate the performance of the spectroscopic cell. Quick XAFS measurement at the Ru K-edge was performed during the catalyst activation and catalysis reaction. The chemical reduction of Ru from RuO 2 to metallic-like Ru is found to occur rapidly once the temperature is above a threshold, and the reduction is completed in ∼75 s. Prolonged heating during catalysis reaction at constant operating temperature has a minimum effect on the electronic structure of the Ru species.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it