The Impact of Model Uncertainty on Index-Based Longevity Hedging and Measurement of Longevity Basis Risk
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigate the impact of model uncertainty on hedging longevity risk with index-based derivatives and assessing longevity basis risk, which arises from the mismatch between the hedging instruments and the portfolio being hedged. We apply the bivariate Lee–Carter model, the common factor model, and the M7-M5 model, with separate cohort effects between the two populations, and various time series processes and simulation methods, to build index-based longevity hedges and measure the hedge effectiveness. Based on our modeling and simulations on hypothetical scenarios, the estimated levels of hedge effectiveness are around 50% to 80% for a large pension plan, and the model selection, particularly in dealing with the computed time series, plays a very important role in the estimation. We also experiment with a modified bootstrapping approach to incorporate the uncertainty of model selection into the modeling of longevity basis risk. The hedging results under this approach may approximately be seen as a “weighted” average of those calculated from the different model candidates.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it