The anoxic corrosion behaviour of copper in the presence of chloride and sulphide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Canadian used fuel container for the long‐term containment of spent nuclear fuel in a deep geological repository comprises a 3‐mm copper corrosion barrier applied directly to a strong carbon steel container. Although a final site for the Canadian deep geological repository has not yet been chosen, the site selection process has narrowed down to two candidate locations with unique groundwater chemistry, particularly with respect to salinity. Therefore, to ensure the long‐term integrity of the used fuel container, the effect of a range of groundwater chemistries on copper corrosion must be understood. The primary variables of interest are the influence of chloride concentration and the consequences of the interaction of hydrogen sulphide, naturally present in the groundwaters in very low concentrations, with the copper cladding. An additional aspect that has been investigated is the behaviour of copper in pure water. The anoxic corrosion of copper can be inferred by the very slow release of hydrogen gas. In this paper, new data are presented, which demonstrate an extremely sensitive approach to quantify the very limited hydrogen release at 75°C. Initially, corrosion rates under conditions approximating an anticipated Canadian deep geological repository were significantly less than 0.5 nm/year and they invariably declined over the course of several months/years. The presence of chloride or hydrogen sulphide was found, under specific conditions, to stimulate short‐term corrosion behaviour, which was consistent with anion‐assisted surface rearrangement, not bulk corrosion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".