Growing significance of regional trade agreements in opening public procurement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) under the World Trade Organization (WTO) has attracted 48 members and serves as a model for other trade agreements with procurement commitments. This chapter compares the role of the GPA and Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) in opening public procurement markets. It starts with a brief overview of the treatment of government procurement in the development of the international trading system, from its exclusion for more than three decades to incorporation of procurement commitments in plurilateral agreements that provide access to procurement markets only for the signatories. In contrast to the US, the EU is pursuing an ambitious trade agenda that includes negotiating RTAs with GPA partners, especially Canada and Japan, which expanded significantly commitments they have taken under the GPA. The chapter concludes that, with constraints on broadening GPA membership and the proliferation of RTAs that open public procurement, RTAs likely offer the greater potential of leading the expansion of international procurement commitments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".