Growing significance of regional trade agreements in opening public procurement
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) under the World Trade Organization (WTO) has attracted 48 members and serves as a model for other trade agreements with procurement commitments. This chapter compares the role of the GPA and Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) in opening public procurement markets. It starts with a brief overview of the treatment of government procurement in the development of the international trading system, from its exclusion for more than three decades to incorporation of procurement commitments in plurilateral agreements that provide access to procurement markets only for the signatories. In contrast to the US, the EU is pursuing an ambitious trade agenda that includes negotiating RTAs with GPA partners, especially Canada and Japan, which expanded significantly commitments they have taken under the GPA. The chapter concludes that, with constraints on broadening GPA membership and the proliferation of RTAs that open public procurement, RTAs likely offer the greater potential of leading the expansion of international procurement commitments.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it