Nonanadromous and anadromous Atlantic salmon differ in orientation responses to magnetic displacements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many animals undertaking long-distance migrations use Earth’s magnetic field as a “map” to assess their position for orientation. This phenomenon been particularly well-studied in salmonids using “magnetic displacement” experiments, in which animals are presented with magnetic field conditions that are characteristic of other geographic locations. However, whether use of magnetic map cues differs among populations of salmon has not been investigated. Here we show that nonanadromous and anadromous populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) raised under the same conditions within their native range differ in their response to magnetic displacements in the North Atlantic. The directions adopted by anadromous salmon juveniles to each of the magnetic displacements would support their migration from the eastern US to western Greenland, had the fish actually been at those locations. In contrast, nonanadromous salmon did not appear to respond to the magnetic displacements. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the innate magnetic map of anadromous salmon is adapted to guide their marine migration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".